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Aug 5, 2012

सिंचाई व्यबस्थापनमा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने केहि महत्वपुर्ण पक्षहरु



·        l;rfO{ of]hgfdf lbuf]kgfsf] lasf; ug{" kb{5
·        ;+efJotf cWoogdf hf]8 lb+b} jx'klIfo laZn]if0f ug"{ cfaZos 5 .
·        ;d'bfo :t/df /x]sf l;+rfO{sf s"nfx?nfO{ ;dGjo ug{} ul/ afx\o of]hgf nfu" ug"{ ub{5 .
·        S"nfx?sf] dd{t ;+ef/ tyf tLgsf] Ifdtf la:tf/ ug{' kb{5 .
·        k|To]s l;+rfO{ sfo{qmddf hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;+nUG u/fpFb} ;a} ju{ / txsf] ;+nUgtfdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
·        7"nf cfof]hgfx?df jfx\o ;xof]usf] kl/rfgnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 .
·        ljs]lGb|s[t cfof]hgfsf] cjnDag ug"{ kb{5 .
·        l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfdf pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] lgdf{0f. tLgsf] kl/rfng, Ifdtf lj:tf/ / ;dfgnfesf cfwf/df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug"{ kb{5 .
·        cfof]hgfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nfuL ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfsf] cnfjf l;+rfO{ ljefu / p;sf lgsfox?sf] ;Nnfx, ;xof]u / ;dy{gnfO{ lg/Gt/ rfn' /fVg' kb{5 .
·        kfgLsf] >f]t vf]hL , ;fgf ;fgf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng, t/fO{sf cnfjf kxf8L efudf klg l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] ;+rfng, l;+rfO{sf] nfuL af6f] ljh'nL h:tf k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f l;+rfO{ kl5 jfnL gfnLsf] pko'Qm 5gf}6 h:tf kIfx?nfO{ ;dGjofTds ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg' kg{] x'G5 .
·        :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ a9L eGbf a9L k|efasf/L ?kdf kl/rfng u/f[g' kb{5 .
·        cfof]hgfaf6 kg{] ;sf/fTds , gsf/fTds, k|efasf] ljj]rgf ug'{ kb{5 .
·        l;+rfO{sf] ljsf;af6 s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, /f]huf/ cfbLdf kg{ ;Sg] ;sf/fTds k|efanfO{ ljZn]if0f ub{} ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nfuL gofF sfo{of]hgfsf] 9fFrf tof/ kf/L sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ cfaZos b]lvG5 .
·        ;fd'bflos 1fg, ljj]s  k|oTgnfO{ PRr k|fyldstf lbP/ sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ cfaZos 5 .

दशौं योजनामा गैरसरकारी संस्थाको भूमिका


  dfgj /fxt / ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
·        ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] sfo{ ug{]
·        ;fdflhs ;'wf/, hg;+Vof lgoGq0f, hgr]tgf / hfu/0f, l;k clea[l4 ;DalGw sfo{ ug{]
·        Ul/aL tyf a]/f]huf/L lgaf/0f h:tf sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg]
·        ;/sf/L jf lghL If]qsf] kx'Fr gk'Ug] jf k'Ug ;do nfUg] If]qdf :j:km't{ / lg:jfy{ efjgfaf6 ;]jf k'/\ofpg]
·        ;xeflutfTds ljlw4f/f ;fdflhs Gofo clea[l4 ug{ lqmofl;n /xg]
·        B'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qx?df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt j[l4 ul/ ljsf;sf] If]lqo ;+nUgtfdf d4t ug{]

दशौं योजनामा सरकारी संस्थाको भूमिका



·        bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf cjwf/0f lglZrt ul/ /fli6o of]hgf tyf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{]
·        d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'tl tyf lgodg kl/j]znfO[ ;'b[9 ug{]
·        cfwf/e't ;fdfhLs ;]jf :yfk:t ug{]
·        ef}lts pj+ ;+:yfut cfwf/lznfsf] ljsf; ug{]
·        pTkfbg tyf ;]jf If]qdf ;/sf/n] ;xhstf{sf] e'ldsf v]Ng]
·        ;fdflhs Gofo  If]lqo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{] / u/fpg]
·        Kf|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxffl;s >f]t ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f k|j4g / ljsf; ug{]
·        pTkfbfsf If]qdf lghL I]qsf] k|j]z tyf clws ;xefuLtf x'g ;Sg] cg's'n l:ylt / jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/ oL If]qx?sf] k|j4g ug{]
·        u'0:t/ lgoGq0f / clej[l4 ug{ sfg'gL k|Tofe'tL ug{]
·        ul/jL lgaf/0fsf] sfo{df ;+nUg u};;x?sf] lbuf] pj+ cfTdlge{/tfsf] ljsf;sf] nfuL :ki6 gLltlgodgsf] Joj:yf ul/ ;+:yf;+u ;/sf/sf] ;xefuLtfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{]
·        lghL If]qnfO{ ;'Dkg] sfddf ;/df/L pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug{]
·        sfo{qmdx?sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg, d'Nof+sg tyf lbzf lglb{Z6 u/fpg] sfo{x? ug{]

गैरसरकारी संस्था संचालनक आबस्यक तत्वहरु



·        ;fd'lxs ?kdf s]lx u/f}+ eGg] efagfsf] ljsf; u/fpg]
·        lgoldt a}7s
·        Jfrt ug{] jfgL
·        Kff/blz{tf
·        pQ/bfloTj
·        cfjZostfsf] klxrfg
·        >f]tsf] cf+sng
·        /L0f k'FhLsf] ;Defagf
·        cGo ;+:yf;Gusf] ;x;DaGw
·        ;ldIff tyf cg'udg

संस्थाले आफ्नो पहिचान देखाऊन गर्ने कार्यहरु



·        Ufl/jLnfO{ pko'Q 9+un] ;+rfng u/]/
·        ul/anfO{ shf{ ppknAw u/fP/
·        ul/aeGbf ul/a ;Dd k'u]/
·        ;LdfGt ;d'xnfO{ zlQmo'Qm agfP/
·        ln+ue]bnfO{ r'gf}tL lbP/

Role of Organization for poverty alleviation



·         Acting as facilitator, playing advocacy and networking role
·         Resource liaison, receptive to the needs of the participants
·         Teacher of problem solving, linkers
·         Non-exploitative in character having a unifying effect
·         Independent to foster self-reliance and self-help
·         Seeking partnership, flexible to changing roles and conditions, open to new social experimentations
·         Being attuned to new ideas, progressive, with continuous process in the reexamination of their roles in relation with the people’s organizations
·         Having the capacity for coming together critical issues

बजारमुखी अर्थतन्त्रमा सरकारको भूमिका



·        /fli6\o ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs j:t'
·        Kf|b'if0f / jfx\o vr{x?, ;/;kmfO{
·        lziff / afx\o nfex?
·        sfg'gL / ;fdfhLs ;+/rgf
·        k|ltikwf{ gx'g] / /fHosf] Psflwsf/ /xg] ljifox?
·        ;/sf/L ljlQo / df}lb|s gLltx?
·        ;fdfhLs sNof0f

Role of government for state led development



·        Establishing a foundation of laws
·        Maintaining a non distortionary policy environment, including macro-economic stability.
·        Investing in basic social service and infrastructure.
·        Protecting the vulnerability
·        Protecting the environment

Weakness of State led Development Strategy



·         Adoption of wrong strategy
·         Lack of national ownership in plan
·         Reconciliation of conflicting interests
·         Deficiencies of plans
·         Institutional weaknesses
·         Plans as a means to serve the rural
State led development strategy df d'Vo @ s'/fn] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'G5g\
·         Political leadership
·         Bureaucracy or government administration

Merits of State led development Strategy



·         State control over means of production and distribution of goods and services
·         No exploitation due to presence of government
·         Service oriented rather than profit oriented
·         Helps to alleviate poverty
·         Plays leading role in economic process
·         Reduce the distance between rural and urban areas
·        o;n] u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ gfkmfgf]S;fg / ahf/sf] cfwf/af6 k/ /x]/ ;]jf u5{ .
·        o;n] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f u5{ .

Main features of State led development Strategy



·         Top-down approach
·         Government owned enterprises
·         Direct control on market
·         Central Planning
·         Planned Development
·         Concept of nationalization
·         Equitable development of all level of people
·         Work form plan formulation, implementation to evaluation

ग्रामिण बिशेसज्ञ जनशक्तिहरु



·        u|fdL0f If]qdf nfdf]  ;do ;]jf u/]sf cg'ea k|fKt JolQmx?
·        u|fdL0f If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L, cw{ ;/sf/ / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf ;+nUG JolQmx? jf k|lzIfsx?
·        ljsf; tuf u|fdL0f ljsf; j}+sdf ;+nUg JolQmx?
·        u|fdL0f If]q;+u cfa4 cGt/fli6\o lgsfo tyf cGt/fli6\o u};;df ;+nUg JolQmx?
·        :yflgo ljsf;, lh=lj=;=, uf=lj=;=, gu/kfnLsf, u|fdL0f :jf:Yo vfg]kfgL, ;8s, lzIff, s[lif, ;xsf/Ldf ;+nUg JolQmx?
·        ljZj ljBfnosf] u|dL0f ljsf;, ;dfhzfZq , cy{zf:q, / u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ pkof]uL / ldNbf] h'Nbf] ljifodf cWoogdf ;+nUg lzIfsx? tyf ljBfyL{x?

Myths of PRA



·        rfF8f], ;lhnf],h;n] klg ug{ ;Sg]
·        k'/fgf] af]tndf gofF /S;L
·        tfnLd g} pQ/
·        hf] ;+nUg x'g] xf] p g} t6:y a:g]
·        hf] /fhg}lts xf]O{g

ग्रामिण विकास पर्यटन तथा पक्षपात


u|fdL0f ljsf; ko{6g tyf kIfkft
·        :ynut kIfkft ;lhnf]df dfq}
·        JolQmut kIfkft
·        x'g] vfg] lt/ nfUg](Elite Bias)
·        k'?if d'vL (Male Bias)
·        cg';/0f ug{]nfO{ dfq dg k/fpg]
·        ;qmLo / alnof cuf8L ;g{]
·        xtf{stf{nfO{ dg k/fpg]
·        Dff};d cg's'ntf (Seasonal bias)
·        ;do kIfkftL (Time nias)
·        s'6g}lts jf 3'dfp/f] s'/f ug{] k|ltsf] kIfkft
·        ljz]if1 k|ltsf] kIfkft kl/of]hgf k|ltsff] kIfkft

PRA and RRA difference

Catagories
PRA
RRA
Development
Late 1980’s 1990’s
Late 1970’s 1980’s
Innovation in
NGOs
Universities
Main users
NGOs, Government and field organizations
Universities aid agencies
Key resource earlier overlooked
Local peoples capabilities
Local peoples knowledge
Main innovation
Behaviour
Methods
Outsiders mode
Facilitating
Eliciting
Objectives
Empowerment
Data collection
Main actors
Local people
Outsiders
Longer terms outcomes
Sustainable local action and institution
Plants, projects, publications

Applications of PRA



1.       Participatory poverty assessment
2.       Participatory monitoring and evaluation
3.       Literacy and empowerment
4.       Advocacy campaign
5.       Networking and coordination

Attributes Behavior Recommendation for PRA Facilitators



1.       Endorse the primary of personal behavior  and attitudes
2.       Provide face to face learning experiences for staff at all levels through interactions
3.       Don’t rush
4.       Be flexible
5.       Stress process and quality not targets and products
6.       Engage PRA trainers who stress attitude and behavior change, reject those who stress only the methodology.
7.       Assure continuity and sustain commitment to PRA and participation.
8.       Culture, procedures and interactions in donor,  government organizations and NGOs.

UN Ten Principles of CD



1.       Activities undertaken must correspond to the basic needs of the community
2.       The local improvement may be achieved through unrelated efforts in each other substantive field.
3.       Change attitude in people are as important as the material achevements of community projects during the initial stages of development
4.       Community development aims at increased and better participation  of the people in community affiars, revitalization of existing forms of local government and transition towards effective local administration where it is not yet functioning
5.       the identificfation encouragement and trainign of leadership should be a basic obljective in any program
6.       Gender reliance as the perticipation fo women and youth in community projects invigorates development program estavlishes them on a wide basis and secure large range expansion
7.       To be fully effective communities a self help project require both intensive and extensive assistance from the government
8.       Implementation of CD program as a nationl scale administrative arrangement recruitment and training of personal, mobilisation of local, national resources and organisaion of research, experimentaiton and evaluation.
9.       The resources of voluntary non-governmnt organisation should be fully utilised in community development program at the local level, national and international levlel
10.    Economic and social progress at the local level necessities parallel development on a wider national scale-UN, Bereau of social affiars, social progress thorugh community development.
-    New York-1955

Theories of CD – By 10 Tsu



1.       Go to the people
2.       Live with people
3.       Learn form them
4.       Love them
5.       Start with what they know
6.       Built with what they have
7.       Built with the best interest when the work is done
8.       The task accomplished
9.       The people will say “ we have done this ourselves”.